Here are list of phrases that appear in papers but are usually deleted by the rewriter. As you read them, try to guess why they are cut.

1. ‘The exposure had a short duration’ becomes ‘The exposure was short’
2. ‘The final image is black color’ becomes ‘The final image is black’
3. ‘The price is very low cost’ becomes ‘The price is low’.

Learn to recognize when a word is adding new information to the sentence. This is not easy to do at first, but you can get a start by paying attention to how native English speakers express themselves when they write and talk in English. This will help you to master English patterns because you are copying what you hear.

As a basic rule, rewriters often cut these words from texts written by Japanese authors: ‘color’, ‘length’, ‘cost’.