‘In case of’ v. ‘in the case of’

Written by Helen on October 21st, 2009

Here having ‘the’ changes the meaning completely. The second phrase ‘in case of…’ is used to refer to an emergency or some unexpected plan. For example,

‘In case of fire, exit from this door’.

and

‘I’ll take an umbrella in case it rains’.

On the other hand, ‘in the case of’ is usually used to refer to a situation that the writer has already mentioned. For example,

‘In the case of a customer complaining, we would take action immediately’.

Another example is in reference to a legal case.

‘In the case of Kramer v. Jones, the judge ruled in favor of Jones’.

A common mistake that I see is people using ‘in case of…’ when they mean ‘in the case of’. Once again, ‘in case of’ refers to an unexpected or undesired situation, like rain or an earthquake, and ‘in the case of’ is used to refer back to a previously mentioned situation.

 

BafaBafa

Written by Helen on September 25th, 2009

Part of learning how to be a global businessperson is being relaxed about meeting people from lots of different backgrounds. To do this, you need more than the ability to understand English: the values and customs of your business associates as well as recognizing the effect your own cultural background is important.

The Bafabafa game is an intriguing way to give participants a chance to learn about how they respond to people who are different.

Without giving too much away, the basic premise is that the participants are divided into two groups: the Alphans and the Betans. The groups go to separate rooms where they are briefed on the language and rules of their specific culture and practise various customs. This takes about 10 minutes. The fun begins when a visitor from each culture goes to the other side and observes, and if possible tries to interact as though they came from this culture. I’ve facilitated Bafabafa five times now and every time the observers have a different reaction. The visitor then goes back to their own culture and shares what they have seen. The next observers then visit the other culture and the cycle is repeated until everyone has had a chance to how ‘the other half live’.

At the end, the two cultures join together the ‘rules’ are revealed to both sides. We then talk through how it felt to be a participant and being on the ‘outside’. We also talk through strategies that helped people to cope with the initial discomfort. One Frank’s points, ‘Learn to want to learn’, comes up in the discussions of what helped people to cope. The most successful ‘visitors’ were those who ignored the anxiety that comes with feeling different and kept watching and listening as closely as possible to learn about the other side. I was lucky to have a really enthusiastic and open group of students and am looking forward to leading another Bafabafa session again.

 

What I learned about international exchange from Hokkaido University

Written by Helen on September 10th, 2009

As a follow up to the presentation training at Hokkaido University, I thought I’d mention what a vibrant international place it is. Many people’s first association with the Hokkaido is great food (Genghis Khan barbecue, fish, dairy), the Yuki Matsuri snow festival, and perhaps Ashikawa Zoo, but the international side to the university surprised me. I found that the university has 1002 students from outside Japan: 826 from Asia, 52 from Europe, 46 from Africa, 31 from South Africa, 20 from North America, and from the 16 Middle East.

This must make the university a very exciting place to study, especially if you get to enjoy the delicious edibles served by hundred students at a food festival that takes place each summer in the university grounds. Here, Japanese staples like takoyaki competed with spicy Chinese stir fry, fragrant Moroccan stews, and comforting garlicky falafels. Japanese and foreign students worked together to produce authentic food, dress in national costume, and decorate their stands. One innovative group even had a Mongolian yurt. The International Student center provides a forum for Japanese and foreign students to interact and share conversation and culture at events that celebrate both Japanese culture and that of the students. It’s no accident that the activities that are popular revolve around food and drink; beside the summer food festivals there are other events such as tea ceremonies, a Halal Food Lunch introducing Islamic culture, and cooking classes.

Food, like laughter, is often ‘the shortest distance between two people’. I realize that being able to talk about food in another language gives a real sense of closeness. If you can make someone imagine the food you love, then they know something important about you. As a Brit, I love Yorkshire pudding – a savory dish made of flour, egg, and milk and eaten with roast beef as a main course. I have to tell my Japanese friends that ‘pudding’ does not always mean something sweet. I talk about all the wonderful dishes from England to tell my Japanese friends there is more than “fish and chips”, just like Japanese food is much much more than sushi. If you are meeting a foreign person for the first time and you want an easy conversation topic to begin with, I can’t think of a better topic than your favorite Japanese food. Or, if that person lives in Japan, then why not ask them about what they recommend from their home country? Bon appetit!

 

‘Almost’ v. ‘Almost All’

Written by Helen on August 21st, 2009

Here is a quick explanation of a common error I see in homework assignments.

We use ‘almost’ to stress that something is not identical to something else. The first is used to describe a near miss. Imagine you overslept and had to run to the station to catch your train. You break all the rules and run through the ticket gates and leap onto the train just as the door is closing. Phew! You made it! You would describe this situation by saying

‘I almost missed my train’.

The phrase ‘almost all’ or ‘almost every’ is used to mean ‘the majority’. For example,

‘Almost all pubs in England serve beer at room temperature’.

and

‘Almost all my Japanese friends go to see their family at Obon.’

Many people incorrectly use ‘almost’ to mean ‘the majority’. The funniest example of an incorrect sentence is ‘Almost Japanese people like rice’ – I’ve heard this, or versions of it, several times. See if you can figure out for yourself why it sounds funny in English.

The correct form is, of course, ‘Almost all Japanese people like rice.’

Here the distinction between ‘almost’ and ‘almost all’ one more time:

‘almost’ = something similar or close, but not identical.

‘almost all’ or ‘almost every’ = ‘the majority’.

Trying to explain rules and patterns of vocabulary can help you to remember them. If you would like to tell me why ‘Almost Japanese like rice’ sounds funny, please leave your explanation in a comment!

 

Ted Talk Tuesday: Erin McKean redefines the dictionary.

Written by Joy on August 12th, 2009

Lexicographer Erin McKean is as cute as a button: there’s simply no other way to describe her. This week the usual suspects at K & A watched her talk about dictionaries: where they come from, where they’re going, and how they’ve changed the English language. In lesser hands it would be a dry topic, but Ms. McKean’s gift for weird metaphors (pork butts and fishermen are two that stand out) and wild accusations (”Well, I blame the Queen”) made this talk a treat to listen to. At one point she claimed that several of her best friends were books, which I fully relate to (Jack Kerouac’s Dharma Bums and J.D. Salinger’s Frankie and Zooey), and I poked around the office to find out what kind of riff raff the other rewriters and instructors hang out with.

Life and How to Survive It, by John Cleese and Robin Skynner. It’s written by the Monty Python guy. He was in therapy for a while. Robin Skynner was his therapist.” —Helen Lewis

“Any kind of reference book … An encyclopedia.” —Tracy Silvasti

How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper, by Robert A. Day. I think YOU should read this. It’s what made me who I am today. … Well, actually. Maybe it’s All I Really Need to Know I Learned from Watching Star Trek, by Dave Marinaccio.” —Arnold Fisher

“Well it’s a bit of a toss-up, isn’t it, between Line by Line, by Claire Kehrwald Cook and that Grammar Bugs book. How could you possibly choose between the two?” —Jonathan Bell

 

生徒さんの声

Written by Helen on August 12th, 2009

これは弊社のブログに載せる最初の日本語の記事です!

私がインストラクターをさせていただいた北海道大学のプレゼンテーションコースに参加された川崎さんのインタビューです。川崎さんは北大の大院生で、プレゼンコースを一生懸命頑張りました。彼のクラスを担当することができたことも、今回のブログのためにインタビューすることができたのも、私にとってとてもいい勉強になりました。

ルイス:英語を話したり、プレゼンテーションをする機会はありますか?

川崎 この夏にアメリカの大学に行くことになっています。そのために、英語に興味があるので、このコースに参加しました。

ルイス:アメリカのどこですか?

川崎:    Rice大学にいます。

ルイス; 頑張ってください!さて、このコースで、一番役に立つことは何ですか。

川崎:プレゼンテーションを行う上で、やっぱり、日本語の場合と英語でやる場合、その態度や、やりかたなど、大きく違う点を学べたことは大きいですね。

ルイス:たとえば、どんなことですか?

川崎:例えば、最初に挨拶をするときに、そのスライドの最初に書かれている名前やタイトルを指しながら、読む必要はないとか。

ルイス:ビデオ撮影については、どう思いますか?

川崎: 客観的に自分のプレゼンテーションを見ることは、すごい重要なことだと思います。 最近、携帯で内容を録音して、後で聞きましたが、すごい、ためになると思います。

ルイス:他の学生さんに、何かアドバイスがありますか?

川崎:そうですね。 プレゼンテーションは、慣れが重要ですから、英語のプレゼンテーションはぜひやってほしいと思います。

翻訳:高見沢至

 

Ted Talk Tuesday: Alain de Botton on a kinder, gentler philosophy of success.

Written by Joy on August 4th, 2009

Philosopher and writer Alain de Botton gives a witty, thought provoking, and quite frankly refreshing talk about the evolving definitions of success and failure. In ages past, those who failed to succeed in life were considered “unfortunates;” in today’s world, the popular term is “losers.” Alain de Botton wrestles with the reasons behind—and consequences of—this seemingly minor linguistic shift, and finishes with a battle cry for individual definitions of success. His books include “How Proust Can Change Your Life” and “The Pleasures and Sorrows of Work”.

After the talk, Arnold posited: What is your definition of success? Some equated it with money, others with a stimulating career. Steve-o felt that success could be summed up as “being in the right place at the right time.” Me, I’m of the opinion that if success doesn’t equal inventing the technology to bring Franz Kafka, Anais Nin, and Allen Ginsberg back to life, fashion them into a punk-pop super-group, and allow me to tour with them across the seedier eastern European capitals as a back-up vocalist, then I’m simply not interested.

Thoughts? What is your definition of success? Feel free to comment below in the Responses section.

 

Presentation training at Hokkaido University

Written by Helen on August 3rd, 2009

Recording a practice presentation

Exhibitionists, performance artists, and newscasters aside, most people feel some embarrassment at watching themselves on video. A few months ago Arnold helped me prepare for a Toastmasters speech contest by videoing my speech and then analyzing it with me, and I spent most of the time cringing in embarrassment. It was painfully hard to watch how I gesture, move, and talk in such unflinching detail. For example, every time I pressed the remote control to change the slide, I seemed to be brandishing it like I was Harry Potter casting a spell!

I therefore have enormous respect for the students from the Center for Education Engineering Development, Hokkaido University who bravely let Michael Bayne and I film them doing presentations. Not only were they presenting on difficult technical subjects, they were also doing this in their non-native language.

The format of the classes was simple: students were filmed doing a presentation and then handling question and answers. We then played back the presentations, and discussed their strengths and weaknesses. My approach was to skip to the most interesting (painful!) parts of the presentation, advise them on how to improve, and then do a ‘take two!’ of the tricky areas. The idea was the Japanese kaizen (改善) approach: do, evaluate, and redo. Each class had two consecutive Saturday classes, which allowed for them to review the video at their own pace and figure out what to do to improve.

An unexpected surprise for the students came when they also saw themselves looking very professional. We all noticed that the best ‘performances’ typically came at the question and answer session. There was smiling, gesturing, great eye contact, and enthusiasm as the students wrestled with questions from their peers. The biggest smiles came at the very end.

‘Why do you wait to show such confidence until the very end?’ I asked over and over.

And the answer came back…’I’m happy because it’s over!’ and ‘I’m relieved!’.

Does this mean that you have to wait until the end of your presentation before you can start to enjoy it? If so, what a waste! もったいない!

My advice is to prepare and practice as hard as you can in advance. The students at Hokkaido all noticed an improvement in the second performance in terms of fluency, confidence, and interaction with the audience.

Watching themselves on video showed them two things. One was when they did not communicate with the audience because they were struggling with the language or their nerves. This is good information about where to spend more time practicing. The second thing they saw was how great they looked when they just relaxed and enjoyed the chance to communicate their work. Even if they only smiled at the very end, I hope they’ll see how good they can look!

Watching yourself on video may not be a comfortable experience, but it is certainly educational. And if it spurs you to practice harder, it’s a valuable trigger too!

 

Ted Talk Tuesday: Jennifer 8. Lee hunts for General Tso

Written by Joy on July 28th, 2009

New York Times reporter Jennifer 8. Lee gives an entertaining and anecdote-laced talk about her search for the stories and histories behind some of the West’s most popular Chinese-American dishes. Startling facts emerge: did you know that America has more Chinese restaurants than McDonald’s, Burger King, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Wendy’s outlets combined? Or that the Cuban Missile Crisis was resolved in a Chinese restaurant in D.C.? Or that fortune cookies are actually a Japanese invention? One of the highlights of this 16-minute talk is video footage of Ms. Lee’s journey to the Chinese mainland, where she proceeds to introduce fortune cookies to the locals. “What is it?” asks one man, suspicious. Another gingerly takes a bite, then announces, “There’s a paper inside!” Many more tales and tidbits are available in Ms. Lee’s latest book, The Fortune Cookie Chronicles.

Some reactions from the usual suspects at K & A:

“I was the one who suggested this talk, actually. I stumbled across it on Twitter. I thought it was an interesting topic.” —Sandra Barron

“I thought it was interesting to see how diverse food can be. It’s refreshing to see how you don’t need someone to tell you what makes a dish authentic or not. It reminded me of how much I miss British Chinese food. Even though it’s probably not as high-quality as Japanese Chinese food …” —Helen Lewis

“I thought it was a good demonstration of speaking too quickly. Makes it a little hard for an international audience to follow the ideas … I also didn’t feel there was any strong central theme that resonated with the audience. I mean, anyone that lives overseas knows that foods are adapted. Just look at McDonald’s. <derisive snort>” —Arnold Fisher

“What’s chop suey? No, really. Chop suey?” —Betty Loi

“It was food for thought.” —William Brooks

“I didn’t know that fortune cookies came from Japan, so that was very interesting. But I agree with what Arnold said: I didn’t see what the point was.” —Keiko Kuwahara

As for me, I found it fascinating to see the different ways food can sync up with politics, history, and geography and slightly alter the tone of each. It also put me in the mood for the best Chinese dish on the planet: sweet and sour soy balls at The Lotus Pond, a Buddhist-run vegetarian cafe in Victoria, Canada. It would probably be unrecognizable on mainland China, but as Ms. Lee says, Chinese food is just like Linux: “sort of an open source thing, right, where ideas from one person can be copied and propagated across the entire system.”

 

‘All writing is rewriting’

Written by Helen on July 23rd, 2009

Rewriting is a difficult but rewarding process.  The first draft, often painful and time consuming, is never good enough.  This post is about why we find it hard to rewrite and some strategies for the second pass.

  • ‘It’s a waste of time’

Reworking a piece can feel like going backwards, not forward. Cutting and changing is tough. I’m reluctant to change something I’ve worked so hard to produce. Recognize that the work you’ve done in the first draft reflects your first attempt to present the content.  The second draft shows how you refined and improved it. Often it helps me to have someone else point out where my meaning is not clear.

  • ‘I’ll lose key ideas’

There is a legitimate fear: that the rewrite will lose something.  This can be a problem if you are not careful. However, most people find that several cuts or reworkings are necessary. When we do our first draft we tend to duplicate ideas we are interested in. Conversely, we do not work hard enough to clarify points that already seem clear to us. A good rewrite brings greater flow and coherency to the draft.

  • ‘It’s not as interesting as doing the first draft’

I always prefer doing a first draft. Words seem so much more exciting when they appear on an empty screen. Rewriting doesn’t have the buzz of doing the first draft, of seeing words on a subject appear on the screen or the page. To stay interested in the second draft, step outside yourself, and imagine you are reading your work for the first time. Can  you make it simpler?  Connect ideas more smoothly? Give better examples?

  • ‘It’s tedious!’

Rewriting does take patience; but if you go steadily then you can get faster. I find doing as much as possible in one pass helps me be more consistent. A good way to improve your consistency is the Search and Replace function of Word. ( ‘Ctrl +H’).  This allows you to find every time a particular word or phrase comes up. The spellchecker function ( F7) is essential for catching problems with spelling and formatting.

A piece of dull stone becomes a vivid, sparkling diamond by lots of careful applications of the cutter. In the same way, lots of small careful changes to your first draft can turn it into a high quality piece of writing. The process is not glamorous, but the end result is something special.